Table 1 Comparison of clinical characteristics among participants according to PUD in study participants

Age (year)

49.3 ± 11.0

53.2 ± 10.1

< 0.001

Male sex (%)

35.1

40.7

< 0.001

DM (%)

9.3

11.0

< 0.001

Hypertension (%)

24.0

27.2

< 0.001

Smoking history (%)

26.3

32.6

< 0.001

Alcohol history (%)

8.1

10.5

< 0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

120.3 ± 18.7

121.2 ± 18.3

< 0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

73.8 ± 11.4

73.9 ± 11.1

0.110

BMI (kg/m²)

24.2 ± 3.8

24.1 ± 3.7

< 0.001

Laboratory parameters

 Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

95.8 ± 20.8

96.8 ± 20.0

< 0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

13.7 ± 1.6

13.9 ± 1.6

< 0.001

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

115.2 ± 94.9

117.7 ± 88.5

0.001

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

195.5 ± 35.9

196.5 ± 35.6

< 0.001

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

105.8 ± 13.7

102.3 ± 14.4

< 0.001

 Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.42 ± 1.43

5.46 ± 1.40

< 0.001

Residence

< 0.001

 Northern Taiwan (%)

33.6

31.9

 Central Taiwan (%)

19.3

18.4

 Southern Taiwan (%)

37.8

38.2

 Eastern Taiwan (%)

9.2

11.4

WBGT during noon period*

 1-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

27.26 ± 1.08

27.22 ± 1.09

< 0.001

 3-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

27.11 ± 1.10

27.08 ± 1.11

< 0.001

 5-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

26.97 ± 1.10

26.94 ± 1.11

< 0.001

WBGT during work period*

 1-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

25.02 ± 1.17

24.99 ± 1.17

0.002

 3-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

24.93 ± 1.16

24.90 ± 1.17

0.004

 5-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

24.80 ± 1.16

24.78 ± 1.16

0.007